Damage costs from biological invasions and natural hazards are of similar magnitude.

Global biological invasion costs increased by 702% from 1980–1999 to 2000–2019.

Invasion costs increased faster than natural hazard damages over time (1980–2019).

Limited Global South participation and parachute science hampers tropical ecology.

Upgrades in equity, diversity and inclusion rooted in the Global South are essential.

Tropical conservation practices must be led by local researchers and stakeholders.

Recognition of science in the Global South may improve through outreach.

International research must provide equitable workloads and recognition to Global South researchers.

References are key to restoration, especially in highly threatened ecosystems.

Optimal references connect conservation and restoration.

Small remnants that serve as references can lead to landscape-scale benefits.

A detailed habitat classification is needed for adequate protection and restoration.

Ensuring optimal references protection will benefit future restoration initiatives.

The intensification of extreme climate events is already a reality throughout the world.

The state of Acre recorded 202 extreme events between 1987 and 2022.

The year 2010 marked a breaking point in the trend of extreme events.

We may be experiencing the tipping point for climate disasters.

These data show the urgency of implementing actions to adapt to climate extremes.

About 82% of Brazilian mammals deliver at least one of the 11 ecosystem services (ES).

About 24% of the species are endemic to Brazil, where 75% them deliver at least one ES.

These ES are at risk, as 57% of the species have lost their ES role are endemic.

ES provision does not mirror the spatial patterns of mammal richness.

Not all invasive grasses would be equally affected by climate change.

Range retractions are projected for some species regardless of the scenario.

We expect species niches to shift to areas not yet occupied.

Arundo donax had the greatest range expansion in the SSP3 and SSP5 scenarios.

Estimated ant species richness is higher in the tropical region.

Estimated ant species richness was best explained by annual rainfall and mean temperature.

The direction and effect of abiotic determinants are relative to the zoogeographic realm analyzed, highlighting regional effects.

We evaluated 7 water-related ES in landscapes with different proportions between eucalyptus and natural forests.

There is a threshold close to 20% of forest coverage below which ES supply tends to become unsustainable.

The highest gain to the seven ES occurs in catchments with natural forest cover over 45%.

Erosion control was the service most linked to natural forest decrease.

Protecting further 6.75% of the Cerrado doubles representation of endemic tetrapods.

Larger priority areas for conservation are concentrated in northern Cerrado.

Small and m edium priority areas are scattered across southern Cerrado.

Our ability to represent endemic terrestrial vertebrates decreased with recent habitat loss.

Habitat loss precludes the representation of tetrapods in large top priority areas.

Most native species produced stems of reasonable quality in restoration plantations.

Tree growth limited the potential for timber production in ecological restoration.

Silviculture operations and improvement are crucial for producing native timber.

Logging based on growth optimized the timber production vs time relation.

Species-specific growth models can maximize timber production and guide harvesting.