We synthesize knowledge on the impacts of climate change on Brazil’s biodiversity.

The greatest predicted impact is in the Pantanal, and the lowest in the Pampa.

There are still large knowledge gaps due to spatial and taxonomic biases in studies.

Paris Agreement could reduce impacts by 21% and cut extinction risk by half.

Forest restoration plantings have lower beta diversity than remnant forests.

Plantings are more floristically similar to one another than to regional forests.

Trees planted to restore the Atlantic Forest poorly represent local floras.

Belo Monte Dam diverted water from Xingu River, drastically reducing the high-water season.

This triggered an Independent Monitoring of flooded forests led by Xingu inhabitants.

Monitoring provided evidence of ecosystem services decay in flooded forests.

Some examples are high vegetation mortality, invasive species, and phenological disruption.

Current hydrological conditions are threatening the environment and people's livelihoods.

Biodiversity conservation requires the protection and maintenance of protected areas

Protected areas store carbon and regulate ecosystem processes

Protected areas prevent deforestation and conserve ecosystems and biodiversity

We reviewed changes in human-nature connectedness linked to 6 environmental activities.

Human-nature connectedness increased most after mindfulness and wildlife encounters.

Human-nature connectedness increased most after activities carried out over 2–7 days.

Changes in human-nature connectedness did not vary between adults and children.

Activities facilitated by conservation organisations foster human-nature connectedness.

First record of chytrid in the microendemic Melanophryniscus admirabilis;

Chytrid was consistently infecting the only known M. admirabilis population;

Temperature influences chytrid dynamics in a threatened toad population;

Chytrid had no effect on the body condition of M. admirabilis.

Wildfires in Brazil cause billion-dollar losses, harming biodiversity, health, and the economy.

Wildfire spreads toxic smoke across South America, straining the healthcare system.

Wildfires cause massive biodiversity loss, and we barely know how to measure it.

Despite substantial economic losses in tropical habitats, the Global South remains a low priority.

Brazilian Amazon offshore is potentially becoming a new frontier for oil exploration.

This contradicts national and global pledges to fight planetary crises.

Sub-national governments often rely on the consequent distribution of oil royalties.

We propose that this is replaced by a Green Royalty Fund of USD 19.9–33.1 billion.

Implementation would align with local and global biodiversity and climate pledges.

Written historical records are crucial for enhancing wildlife knowledge.

Significant limitations and biases are detected in historical sources.

A seven-step process is provided to enhance the accuracy and reliability of historical information.

This approach improves the efficiency and effectiveness of conservation research.

Amazon forest fragmentation shows an increase in fragments and reduction in size in three decades.

The Amazon's fragmentation trajectory shifts from Core to Connector to Background.

Central Amazon demands target conservation to avoid fragmentation like Eastern Amazon.

Secondary forest may be used to reverse fragmentation.

Fragmentation metrics and trajectory nourish conservation actions.