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Fire incidence in Brazil increased in 2019−2020, with unprecedented magnitude in the Pantanal.

Fire effects vary according to the evolutionary history of the affected ecosystem.

A drier climate and land use changes increase the risk of wildfires throughout Brazil.

Poor governance further exacerbates the risk and damage of wildfires.

Fire policies must be improved by collaboration among different sectors of the society.

The collapse of the Fundão dam was the major environmental disaster of the world mining industry.

We identify with high resolution satellite images the ecosystems and cultural heritage damage.

Contrary to post-disaster expectations, there was a setback in environmental legal planning.

Brazil's regulations governing deforestation and logging are often circumvented.

Agreements with soy and beef companies are important but need strengthening.

Effectiveness of commodity agreements is diminished by laundering and leakage.

Timber harvest and transportation permits are open to widespread fraud.

Ways exist to reduce circumvention of commodity agreements and regulations.

Legal Reserves represent almost one third of all remaining native vegetation in Brazil.

There is no solid argument, evidence or theory that support that Legal Reserve extinction will favor Brazil development.

The extinction of Legal Reserves will lead to a huge increase in native vegetation loss, with blatant negative consequences on biodiversity and ecosystem services provision.

Legal Reserves are a key-component for effective and less expensive nature-based solutions.

Legal Reserves should be considered as assets for the development of Brazil rather than liabilities.

Hunting is banned in Brazil.

Illegal hunting in Brazil is widespread and cultural embedded.

Data about wildlife, habitat distribution and motivations for hunting are lacking.

Main factors driving non-compliance are analyzed and discussed.

Policy options to deal with hunting in the future are proposed.

The largest number of restoration attempts was performed in New Zealand.

The most frequent species were Grus americana and Notiomystis cincta.

Thirteen drivers were pointed out by researchers and practitioners.

Considering only environmental causes, predation was the most remarkable driver.

The restoration of usually degraded roadsides is proposed.

Thousands of hectares are readily available for restoration in Brazil.

This corresponds to US$ 26.5 billion in the carbon market.

The restoration of these wasted public lands can stimulate ecological restoration.

Conserving ∼80% of the Brazilian Amazon is still feasible

Conservation areas are essential for a new regional development model

The cost of establishing.1.3 million km2 of new conservation areas is USD 1.0–1.6 billion

The annual cost of 3.5 million km2 of conservation areas is USD 1.7–2.8 billion

A new ambitious, decentralized, and agile fund mechanism is required

High-resolution remote sensing data reveals 28%, or 32 million hectares (Mha), of native vegetation cover in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

There are 7.2Mha of degraded riparian areas, of which 5.2Mha at least must be restored before 2038 by landowners for legislation compliance.

Restoring this existing legal debt could increase native vegetation cover in the biome up to 35%.

The concept of ecosystems as infrastructure is reviewed.

The terms green, ecological, natural, and blue have been used in the literature.

Green infrastructure is the most commonly used name.

A more inclusive concept for green infrastructure is proposed.

Design principles for green infrastructure at all spatial scales are suggested.

Most native species produced stems of reasonable quality in restoration plantations.

Tree growth limited the potential for timber production in ecological restoration.

Silviculture operations and improvement are crucial for producing native timber.

Logging based on growth optimized the timber production vs time relation.

Species-specific growth models can maximize timber production and guide harvesting.