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Fire incidence in Brazil increased in 2019−2020, with unprecedented magnitude in the Pantanal.

Fire effects vary according to the evolutionary history of the affected ecosystem.

A drier climate and land use changes increase the risk of wildfires throughout Brazil.

Poor governance further exacerbates the risk and damage of wildfires.

Fire policies must be improved by collaboration among different sectors of the society.

The pandemic brought to light diverse issues concerning the science-policy interface.

These issues are particularly relevant for conservation science and practice.

To tackle them requires recognizing that science is not value-free.

Science should be immersed in processes that include conflict mediation to set goals.

To that end, it is vital to change science policies and training.

Top-down restrictive measures are the basis of Araucaria Forest System conservation

Bottom-up collaborative management could favor keystone plant Araucaria angustifolia

Top-down model had negative feedback that dampens the system limiting its resilience

Bottom-up model had positive feedback expanding the system and its general resilience

Collaborative management could maintain the Araucaria Forests System in the long term

Brazil is among the three countries with the highest diversity of bird species in the Americas, but it is the first in number of threatened birds with 166 species.

Greatest number of endangered species are recorded in the Atlantic Forest.

79,500 ha of new areas officially protect the most endangered bird species in Brazil.

30-40,000 Brazilian birdwatchers generating information for bird conservation.

Global climate and land-use changes will have a serious impact on individual species and communities of hummingbirds.

Existing protected areas showed an important reduction of surface across the species distribution and hotspot areas for future.

A large proportion of “safe places” does not match the areas targeted for agriculture expansion in future scenarios.

It is imperative that policy-makers promote policies that are resilient to both threats as soon as possible.

Conservation biology literature is dominated by problem-based research.

Solution-based papers are becoming more common along the last four decades.

Solution-to-problem word ratio suggests greater concern with conservation action.

Higher emphasis on solution-based research can advance biodiversity conservation.

Probability of giant armadillo presence was associated with forests and savannas.

In Mato Grosso do Sul, suitable habitat is heavily fragmented.

Less suitable altered habitat presents high resistance for travel and dispersal.

There are only 69 patches of suitable habitat ≥25 km2 in the region.

Populations surviving in these remnants could be declining or functionally extinct.

Mammal richness and body mass are directly and negatively affected by deforestation.

Vulnerable ecological functions lose prevalence with land-use change.

Persistent ecological functions are benefitted by increasing anthropogenic land-use.

Five out of ten ecological functions lose prevalence in human-modified landscapes.

The loss of ecological functions might compromise the persistence of forest remnants.

Agroecosystem management needs to be considered in landscape ecology studies.

Three components of heterogeneity are important to characterize agroecosystems.

Studies should include the economic gains provided by ecological farming practices.

Studies should include social and economic components of agricultural landscapes.

Fine spatial and temporal data are necessary to better characterize agroecosystems.

Estimation of over 4740 road-killed bats during a 5-year period.

Phyllostomidae bats were the most affected by roadkill in the study area.

Road casualties were more numerous during rainy season.

Collisions occurred 12 times more in four-lane highways than in two-lane ones.

Distance from water and presence of light were not significantly related to roadkill.

Grassy ecosystems in South America have developed under grazing by large herbivores until the Early Holocene.

The grassy biomes need grazing animals and/or fire to maintain their biodiversity and ecological characteristics.

Grazing in the Legal Reserve can represent a social process with benefits for land users and biodiversity conservation.

Knowledge on grazing in Brazil’s grassy ecosystems should be developed by researchers and stakeholders.

The expansion of bat habitat generalists coupled with range contraction of bat habitat specialist will homogenize the Neotropical bat communities.

Warm-adapted bat species might expand their ranges towards higher altitudes, while mountain-top specialists will run out of suitable climate.

Monitoring programs will be important to track species that are predicted to become extinct and also the projected range expansion of sanguivorous bats.

The most effective way to protect Neotropical bat species will be increasing landscape connectivity and safeguarding the refugia highlighted here.

The inclusion of OECMs into the post-2020 GBF may enable the recognition of other actors.

OECMs can contribute to improve linkages between equitable and effective conservation.

OECM’s identification, reporting and monitoring are a challenge.

Robust guidelines, and improved monitoring, are recommended to ensure OECMs integrity.

Primate responses to forest patch size and quality vary among species and regions.

Patch size is the best predictor of two species in two different regions.

Patch quality (vegetation attributes) better predicts primates in two regions.

Conservation outcomes can improve if considering both patch size and quality.

Most species have restricted distribution within the natural regions of Colombia.

Seven of nine species would experience reduction in their climatically suitable areas.

Relocation of nests outside bees’ native range needs to be avoided.

Conservation policies and monitoring programs are urgently needed.

Changes in the Brazilian semi-arid coast reveal key questions to advance research.

Changes in the semi-arid coast can have consequences in the ecological stability and connectivity.

Modifications of the coastal dynamics can impact structure and function of adjacent marine ecosystems.

Semi-arid coast community dynamics under ongoing climate change should be monitored.

Beaches and nearshore mangroves erosion contrast with mangrove expansion inland.

Fire has a strong impact in structuring the community of non-volant small mammals.

Fire may restrict and promote the occurrence of different mammal species.

Vegetation attributes have a fundamental role in the occupancy by small mammals.

Fire might disrupt gallery forests’ functioning affecting keystone interactions.

Long-term (>4.2 years) contamination and ecological risks of the Rio Doce estuary.

Sediment metal(loid)s concentrations support a continued potential adverse biological effect.

Despite a decrease in metal(loid)s concentration, the chronic contamination is still above reference values.

The Rio Doce estuary works as a sink for tailings and a source of toxic metal(loid)s.

Certainly attention needs to be brought to the potential consequences of creating novel animal communities on disease transmission

Bats host pathogens that cause significant human and animal morbidity and mortality.

We highlight how to prevent, detect and mitigate vampire bats and rabies in rewilding projects.

Native and non-native congeneric species respond differently to climate change.

Climate change reduces environmental suitability for the native Euterpe edulis.

Climate change impacts on E. edulis are spatially heterogeneous.

Current and future overlap areas are concentrated mostly in the southeastern region.

Introduction of the non-native E. oleracea should be avoided.