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Brazil's regulations governing deforestation and logging are often circumvented.

Agreements with soy and beef companies are important but need strengthening.

Effectiveness of commodity agreements is diminished by laundering and leakage.

Timber harvest and transportation permits are open to widespread fraud.

Ways exist to reduce circumvention of commodity agreements and regulations.

Legal Reserves represent almost one third of all remaining native vegetation in Brazil.

There is no solid argument, evidence or theory that support that Legal Reserve extinction will favor Brazil development.

The extinction of Legal Reserves will lead to a huge increase in native vegetation loss, with blatant negative consequences on biodiversity and ecosystem services provision.

Legal Reserves are a key-component for effective and less expensive nature-based solutions.

Legal Reserves should be considered as assets for the development of Brazil rather than liabilities.

Hunting is banned in Brazil.

Illegal hunting in Brazil is widespread and cultural embedded.

Data about wildlife, habitat distribution and motivations for hunting are lacking.

Main factors driving non-compliance are analyzed and discussed.

Policy options to deal with hunting in the future are proposed.

Airport-produced noise is unsuitable for areas of wildlife protection.

Noise can generate stress and jeopardize wildlife reproduction.

There is a need in Brazil to implement noise regulation within areas of wildlife protection.

Niche modelling and Alpha and Beta diversity analyses in Brazilian Cerrado.

Biotic homogenization in Southern Cerrado.

Species richness loss throughout Cerrado.

Signatory parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity declared daring commitments to reach the Sustainable Development Goal 14.

United Nations seems optimistic with the progress achieved towards SDG 14.

However, major challenges presented by signatory governments are slowing down or compromising the achievement of the targets.

Here we present initiatives and examples that give us hope towards the sustainability of the world's marine biodiversity.

Unsustainable land use changes threaten the Pantanal wetlands.

Origins of soda lakes in southern Pantanal (Nhecolândia) have recently been unveiled.

Nhecolândia's soda lakes are carbon sinks with poorly known geomicrobiology.

Conservation of soda lakes can benefit organic sustainable beef production.

Soda lake extremophiles may be analogs to early life and the deep biosphere.

First review on abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) in Brazil.

The ALDFG record began in the 1990s along beach strips.

Studies focusing on underwater debris began in the 2000s and ALDFG were found in all categories applied for the marine litter collected in these research efforts.

Only 9 studies are focused on ALDFG and started from 2009 onwards.

We highlight what is known, the most studied areas, and what are the knowledge gaps about ALDFG.

Inadequate application of the CONAMA resolution 423/2010 threatens conservation in campo rupestre (CR).

The list of bioindicator species currently used comprises only 2.9% of the known flora of the CR.

There is no scientific basis to support sere classification in CR.

CR is in a retrogressive phase of ecological succession.

Revising and creating specific legislation to protect the CR is pressing.

Current Brazilian environmental legislation fails to consider the habitat heterogeneity of the cerrado biome.

Legal reserves are severely biased in protecting forest environments at the expense of natural cerrado vegetation, thereby neglecting open-habitat biotas that are rapidly succumbing to agricultural conversion.

Protected areas and Indigenous Lands contain a higher proportion of non-forest habitat than Legal Reserves within private landholdings.

Existing project management guidelines inadequately address the issue of planning projects in a project portfolio and how to aggregate data, so many conservation projects are badly monitored.

To enhance programme delivery and monitoring, I define Five Steps to Conservation Impact around: Planning; Common; Indicators; Monitoring; Interpretation; Action.

These steps differ from other project management guidelines by linking common goals with common indicators and measuring aggregated conservation impact.

Enabling conditions to ensure success include: senior managers are willing to establish a results-based management culture; attribution is considered an aspiration not a hindrance; capacity and tools are in place.

Making impact monitoring the norm will require a culture change within the conservation community.

Studies in climate change usually assume that time is too short for evolution.

Some models suggest that evolutionary rescue of populations is plausible.

Despite the interest, these models are hard to parameterize.

Here we review these models and point out the problems and uncertainties.

We discuss the way forward to understand adaptive potential to climate changes.

Changes in the extent of suitable habitat and area of occupancy (AOO) were assessed by the combined effects of climate and land-use change in Andean anurans.

Climate and land-use changes will cause a relative loss of 63.4 % to 79.4 % of the current extent of suitable habitat and 49.6 % to 72.6 % of AOO of Andean anurans by the year 2050.

The collapse of the area of occupation (AOO) identified twice as many species at risk of extinction as the loss of the extent of suitable habitat.

Extent of suitable habitat and the area of occupancy (AOO) have great potential to measure the combined effects of climate change and land use on the future risk of extinction of the species.

Terrestrial predator–human conflicts occur predominantly in developing nations.

Shark–human conflicts occur in the developed world, with rapid mass media coverage.

Terrestrial predator–human conflicts only were reported when are linked to western people (basically hunters or visitors).

The media is often determined to over sensationalize without consideration of impacts for conservation.

White-lipped peccaries are still abundant in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.

They are severely persecuted by farmers due to damage they cause to maize plantations.

The expansion of agribusiness frontiers in the Amazon biome will likely result in further conflict.

There is a need to mitigate crop damage and increase farmer's tolerance.

Measures need to be developed to curtail the slaughter of white-lipped peccaries.

Spatial richness patterns will be maintained in the future but with a general loss in species number.

Spatial beta diversity will increase in the future, enhancing the spatial heterogeneity.

Beta diversity will change through time.

Changes in spatial and temporal beta diversity are mainly in turnover and nestedness, respectively.

Beta diversity changes may be due to reductions in primates distributions.